BlindStay Verified Stay Audit · Room Guide
Fukuoka 1:1 Rival Hotel Matchup 34 Verified Checklists Head-to-Head

Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II VS Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin

ホテルフォルツァ博多駅筑紫口II (Hakata Station Area) vs ホテルJALシティ福岡 天神 (Central Tenjin)

Book Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II When You Prioritize
  • Issue Resolution & Room Change Recovery 10.0 (+7.5 Edge)

    When room issues arise, the team responds reliably with swift room reassignments and proactive service recovery.

  • Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support 10.0 (+5.2 Edge)

    Multilingual staff members are on hand to warmly welcome guests and assist with smooth, clear communication.

  • Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery 9.0 (+4.6 Edge)

    A flexible housekeeping system allows multi-night guests to customize their cleaning preferences to suit their stay.

Check Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Best Rates & Rooms ↗
Book Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin When You Prioritize
  • Bedding & Towel Cleanliness 10.0 (+5.8 Edge)

    Bed linens are immaculately maintained, ensuring a restful and pleasant night's sleep.

  • Bathroom, Grout & Drain Hygiene 10.0 (+2.2 Edge)

    Bathroom maintenance is exceptional, with bathtubs and metal fixtures kept gleaming without residual water scale.

  • Lighting, Blackout, Outlets, Desk & Wi-Fi 10.0

    Rooms are equipped with a capsule coffee machine, and two to three complimentary bottles of mineral water are provided generously each day.

Check Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin Best Rates & Rooms ↗
1:1 Verdict Summary: On Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Lobby and common utility areas offer washing machines, microwaves, and ice dispensers, accommodating extended stays with ease. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort): Dedicated children's amenities and bathroom step stools are available for rental for young travelers. For Overall (All Travel Styles), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout, Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort, Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy.

This 1:1 comparison guide synthesizes recurring observations from verified guest stays. Actual experience may vary by assigned floor, wing, or travel season.

1. Who Are You Traveling With?

Even between the same two hotels, the better choice shifts depending on whether you are traveling with infants, senior parents, a partner, or solo.

Travel Style Recommended Hotel (Score Compare) Why It Wins (Key Differences) Best Rates & Rooms
Family with Infants & Toddlers
Fukuoka Family with Infants & Toddlers Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 8.8(A) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 8.1(B)

On Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Dedicated kids' amenities and children's tableware in the breakfast area are thoughtfully prepared, making stays with young children very comfortable. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (10.0) (Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery): For consecutive nights, daily room cleaning service can be requested, and complimentary bottled water is replenished regularly. For Family with Infants & Toddlers, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy, Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery, Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout.

Decisive Factors: Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy · Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery · Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Family with Young Kids
Fukuoka Family with Young Kids Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 8.6(A) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 8.2(B)

On Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility (8.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Hollywood twin setups are possible for visiting families, though room configuration rules should be confirmed ahead of time depending on guest counts. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy): Dedicated children's amenities and bathroom step stools are available for rental for young travelers. For Family with Young Kids, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility, Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy, Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout.

Decisive Factors: Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility · Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy · Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Traveling with Parents & Seniors
Fukuoka Traveling with Parents & Seniors Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 8.2(B) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 6.5(C)

On Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Multilingual staff members are on hand to warmly welcome guests and assist with smooth, clear communication. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (4.8) (Issue Resolution & Room Change Recovery): Special requests submitted prior to arrival regarding high floors or preferred views may not always be reflected in the final room assignment. For Traveling with Parents & Seniors, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support, Issue Resolution & Room Change Recovery, Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort.

Decisive Factors: Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support · Issue Resolution & Room Change Recovery · Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Hotel Staycation & Resort Relaxation
Fukuoka Hotel Staycation & Resort Relaxation Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 7.5(B) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 6.2(C)

On Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: In-room wellness appliances are well appointed, and a wide assortment of daily comfort supplies is provided for guests. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (7.1) (Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar): Guests may receive complimentary on-site room upgrades by applying eligible guest benefit vouchers. For Hotel Staycation & Resort Relaxation, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality, Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar, Early/Late Check-out & Upgrade Flexibility.

Decisive Factors: Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality · Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar · Early/Late Check-out & Upgrade Flexibility
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Couples & Anniversary Getaway
Fukuoka Couples & Anniversary Getaway Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 7.4(B) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.0(C)

On Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Multilingual staff members are on hand to warmly welcome guests and assist with smooth, clear communication. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (4.8) (Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort): Standard room provisions do not include bathrobes or bath salts, requiring advance preparation or purchase. For Couples & Anniversary Getaway, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support, Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort, Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality.

Decisive Factors: Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support · Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort · Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Quiet Rest & Deep Sleep
Fukuoka Quiet Rest & Deep Sleep Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 9.2(S) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.7(B)

On Street, Rail & Exterior Noise (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Despite its central station district address, the building is tucked away from main arteries, minimizing street noise at night. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort): The modern building structure offers solid sound insulation against adjacent rooms, ensuring a tranquil indoor environment. For Quiet Rest & Deep Sleep, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Street, Rail & Exterior Noise, Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort, Inter-room & Floor Soundproofing.

Decisive Factors: Street, Rail & Exterior Noise · Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort · Inter-room & Floor Soundproofing
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Friends & Group Travel
Fukuoka Friends & Group Travel Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 8.2(B) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.2(B)

On Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility (8.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Hollywood twin setups are possible for visiting families, though room configuration rules should be confirmed ahead of time depending on guest counts. Meanwhile, Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin shows relative trade-offs on Overall Value for Money. For Friends & Group Travel, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility, Overall Value for Money, Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout.

Decisive Factors: Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility · Overall Value for Money · Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Solo Traveler
Fukuoka Solo Traveler Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 9.2(S) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.3(B)

On Overall Value for Money (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Considering the prime accessibility, modern hardware condition, and complimentary amenities, the property delivers strong value for the price. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Subway/Rail Station & Airport Transit Access): Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin offers convenient walking access to the subway, providing a direct, transfer-free ride to Fukuoka Airport via the Kuko Line. For Solo Traveler, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Overall Value for Money, Subway/Rail Station & Airport Transit Access, Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar.

Decisive Factors: Overall Value for Money · Subway/Rail Station & Airport Transit Access · Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Business Trip & Workation
Fukuoka Business Trip & Workation Rankings →
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 9.2(S) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.9(B)

On Street, Rail & Exterior Noise (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Despite its central station district address, the building is tucked away from main arteries, minimizing street noise at night. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery): For consecutive nights, daily room cleaning service can be requested, and complimentary bottled water is replenished regularly. For Business Trip & Workation, Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Street, Rail & Exterior Noise, Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery.

Decisive Factors: Street, Rail & Exterior Noise · Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗
Overall (All Travel Styles)
Pick Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II: 8.5(A) vs Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin: 7.4(B)

On Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout (10.0), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II stands out: Lobby and common utility areas offer washing machines, microwaves, and ice dispensers, accommodating extended stays with ease. By contrast, at Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin (Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort): Dedicated children's amenities and bathroom step stools are available for rental for young travelers. For Overall (All Travel Styles), Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II is the stronger choice across Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout, Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort, Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy.

Decisive Factors: Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout · Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort · Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy
Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Rates ↗

2. 1:1 Item-by-Item Detailed Score Matrix

Shows the largest score gaps first so you can spot decisive differences immediately, or switch to All Items to inspect every checklist.

Compared Item Hotel Forza Hakataeki Chikushi-Guchi II Hotel JAL City Fukuoka Tenjin
Issue Resolution & Room Change Recovery
10.0 · S +7.5 Edge

When room issues arise, the team responds reliably with swift room reassignments and proactive service recovery.

2.5 · Caution

Special requests submitted prior to arrival regarding high floors or preferred views may not always be reflected in the final room assignment.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

Rather than relying solely on booking notes, it is much safer to to reconfirm your preference for a high floor and city view.

Bedding & Towel Cleanliness
4.2 · Caution

Linens and bedding are generally clean, though interior humidity requires active management during certain seasons.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

During humid summer months, turning on the immediately upon arrival helps maintain crisp bedding.

10.0 · S +5.8 Edge

Bed linens are immaculately maintained, ensuring a restful and pleasant night's sleep.

Front Desk Hospitality & Multilingual Support
10.0 · S +5.2 Edge

Multilingual staff members are on hand to warmly welcome guests and assist with smooth, clear communication.

4.8 · Caution

During check-in, advance explanations from the front desk regarding changes in assigned room types may occasionally be lacking.

Housekeeping & Towel/Amenity Delivery
9.0 · A +4.6 Edge

A flexible housekeeping system allows multi-night guests to customize their cleaning preferences to suit their stay.

4.4 · Caution

For consecutive nights, daily room cleaning service can be requested, and complimentary bottled water is replenished regularly.

Loungewear, Amenity Bar & Gym Quality
10.0 · S +2.9 Edge

In-room wellness appliances are well appointed, and a wide assortment of daily comfort supplies is provided for guests.

Room Type & Floor Selection Tip

Popular items such as , so it is recommended to .

7.1 · C

Standard room provisions do not include bathrobes or bath salts, requiring advance preparation or purchase.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

Because sleepwear, bathrobes, and bath powders are not placed in the room, guests must purchase them separately at the or bring their own.

Bathroom, Grout & Drain Hygiene
7.8 · B

Bathrooms are generally well maintained, though perceived freshness and fixture layouts differ noticeably across room categories.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To bypass , opt for room tiers featuring .

10.0 · S +2.2 Edge

Bathroom maintenance is exceptional, with bathtubs and metal fixtures kept gleaming without residual water scale.

Floor, Furniture & Kettle Hygiene
4.1 · Caution

Furniture is well kept, though dust accumulation around certain home appliances can occasionally vary.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

Guests sensitive to dust should upon check-in and .

2.9 · Caution

Minor housekeeping oversights have been noted, such as residual dust in room corners or duvet protectors left untended.

Lighting, Blackout, Outlets, Desk & Wi-Fi
9.3 · S

Modern smart TVs and ample charging ports are available, though desk configurations differ by room, and rental items may be requested.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

If your room lacks a , you can resolve this by requesting a .

10.0 · S

Rooms are equipped with a capsule coffee machine, and two to three complimentary bottles of mineral water are provided generously each day.

Room View Openness, Daylight & Privacy
2.9 · Caution

Obstructed views and visual privacy concerns caused by adjacent buildings have been noted, requiring caution regarding room placement.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To avoid blocked views and secure a brighter sightline, it is strongly advised to .

2.5 · Caution

Rooms on intermediate floors or below may face adjacent buildings or rooftops, resulting in an obstructed and restricted outlook.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To avoid obstruction from adjacent buildings, you should request a located facing the main avenue to secure unobstructed park and city views.

Room Size, Layout & Luggage Space
8.1 · B

Luggage clearance varies noticeably across room tiers, so travelers with large suitcases are advised to verify layouts beforehand.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To ensure adequate , it is best to book a .

8.4 · A

Room layouts are comparatively generous for typical Japanese business properties, offering adequate space for open luggage.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

Even the entry-level baseline room starts at , leaving enough floor space to fully unpack .

Inter-room & Floor Soundproofing
10.0 · S

Inter-room and floor-to-floor sound insulation is robust, preventing disturbance and ensuring a peaceful stay.

10.0 · S

The modern building structure offers solid sound insulation against adjacent rooms, ensuring a tranquil indoor environment.

Climate Control, Water Pressure & Bath Layout
10.0 · S

The property provides excellent water pressure and bathtubs, with select categories offering highly functional separated wet and dry zones.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To secure a fully , select the rather than standard integrated units.

10.0 · S

Bathrooms feature a smart three-way split design separating the washbasin, private toilet, and deep bathtub for maximum comfort.

Check-in Speed & Luggage Storage
10.0 · S

Self check-in kiosks make arrivals straightforward, and luggage storage before check-in and after check-out is exceptionally smooth.

10.0 · S

Automated kiosks on the lobby floor facilitate swift, contactless self-check-in procedures.

Room Type & Floor Selection Tip

Guests can register swiftly with front desk staff at the or opt for the .

Guest Quietness, Floor Security & Night Safety
10.0 · S

Overall guest etiquette and security controls are reliable, keeping the hallways and lobby calm and quiet throughout the night.

10.0 · S

Located in an office commercial district, the nighttime surroundings remain peaceful and room key-card access security is well maintained.

Baby/Kids Gear & Child Policy
10.0 · S

Dedicated kids' amenities and children's tableware in the breakfast area are thoughtfully prepared, making stays with young children very comfortable.

10.0 · S

Dedicated children's amenities and bathroom step stools are available for rental for young travelers.

Breakfast Variety, Freshness & Taste
10.0 · S

The morning buffet is well received, offering freshly baked pastries, seasonal fruit, and local specialties in a neat setting.

10.0 · S

The breakfast buffet earns high praise for quality, featuring unlimited spicy cod roe, grilled fish, and made-to-order egg dishes.

Room Type & Floor Selection Tip

In the 1st-floor restaurant, ordering the freshly prepared egg dish for a will result in it being served directly to your table.

Early/Late Check-out & Upgrade Flexibility
10.0 · S

The front desk demonstrates high responsiveness to advance inquiries and provides flexible on-site assistance.

10.0 · S

Guests may receive complimentary on-site room upgrades by applying eligible guest benefit vouchers.

Subway/Rail Station & Airport Transit Access
10.0 · S

Located within short walking distance of major stations, the property offers superb transit access for rail lines and airport links.

10.0 · S

This property offers convenient walking access to the subway, providing a direct, transfer-free ride to Fukuoka Airport via the Kuko Line.

Room Type & Floor Selection Tip

It is a short walk from on the Kuko Line, providing direct access to .

Nearby Convenience Stores, Shopping & Dining
10.0 · S

Popular eateries, major supermarkets, and multiple convenience stores are concentrated nearby, making pedestrian excursions effortless.

10.0 · S

A supermarket is located across from the property, and convenience stores along with the bustling Daimyo dining district are within a five-minute walk.

Corridor & Door Sound Insulation
— (No notable issues observed)
6.1 · C

Slight conversational sounds from guests walking through the hallway can sometimes filter through the door frame.

Street, Rail & Exterior Noise
10.0 · S

Despite its central station district address, the building is tucked away from main arteries, minimizing street noise at night.

— (No notable issues observed)
Window Insulation & Ventilation
10.0 · S

Windows are designed to open slightly, allowing fresh outside air in for convenient and effective room ventilation.

— (No notable issues observed)
Indoor Air & Odor-Free Freshness
4.1 · Caution

Indoor air quality remains mostly fresh, though external cooking smells can enter specific low-floor lines facing narrow streets.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

To keep out , avoid .

— (No notable issues observed)
Pest Control & Tap Water Safety
10.0 · S

Tap water is gentle and reliable, and ongoing pest-control measures ensure a clean environment with zero insect concerns.

— (No notable issues observed)
Flooring Material & Barefoot Comfort
8.3 · A

Flooring is generally well maintained, though occasional dampness may be noticed depending on the seasonal humidity.

— (No notable issues observed)
Mattress & Pillow Sleep Comfort
10.0 · S

Firm yet plush mattresses and generously proportioned beds ensure an exceptionally restful sleeping experience.

— (No notable issues observed)
Elevator Capacity & Wait Times
— (No notable issues observed)
10.0 · S

Elevators operate efficiently with minimal passenger waiting time between floors.

Coin Laundry, Ice, Microwave & Takeout
10.0 · S

Lobby and common utility areas offer washing machines, microwaves, and ice dispensers, accommodating extended stays with ease.

— (No notable issues observed)
Shuttle Service & Stroller/Wheelchair Walkability
— (No notable issues observed)
5.4 · Caution

Some subway station exits lack elevators, which may cause inconvenience when transporting heavy suitcases.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

Because the closest Exit 3 has only staircases, travelers with large bags should take the up to ground level and cross the street.

Public Space Crowd Level & Relaxed Vibe
— (No notable issues observed)
6.6 · C

The lobby and shared communal areas can experience elevated congestion during hours when tour groups arrive.

Twin, Triple & Family Room Flexibility
8.0 · B

Hollywood twin setups are possible for visiting families, though room configuration rules should be confirmed ahead of time depending on guest counts.

Conditional Caution & Avoidance Guide

When traveling with 3 or more people, reserve a dedicated to prevent any .

— (No notable issues observed)
Free Late-Night Snacks, Drinks & Minibar
10.0 · S

Guests enjoy convenient beverage perks, including ongoing drink access in the lobby and a warm welcoming atmosphere.

— (No notable issues observed)
Garden, Promenade & Beach/Park Access
— (No notable issues observed)
10.0 · S

A large park is situated roughly 400 meters away on foot, making it very convenient for seasonal walks and enjoying lush green scenery.

Overall Value for Money
10.0 · S

Considering the prime accessibility, modern hardware condition, and complimentary amenities, the property delivers strong value for the price.

— (No notable issues observed)